Scientific terms with D

Damping capacity: The ability of a material to absorb and dissipate energy through the process of damping.

Damping coefficient: A measure of the ability of a material or structure to dissipate energy through vibrations or oscillations.

Damping ratio: The ratio of the damping force in a system to the critical damping force required to stop oscillations in the system.

Dead load: The weight of a structure or material that is due to its own mass and not due to external loads or forces.

Dealloying: A process in which one or more elements are selectively removed from an alloy, resulting in a new material with unique properties.

Debye-Hückel theory: A theory that describes the behavior of ions in electrolyte solutions and the properties of ionic materials.

Debye temperature: The temperature at which the Debye model of heat capacity is applicable to a solid material.

Debye-Waller factor: A measure of the thermal motion of atoms in a crystal lattice and its effect on the intensity of diffraction patterns.

Decohesion: The separation or failure of a material along an interface or interphase, caused by a reduction in the adhesion strength between the material's phases.

Deep drawing: A process in which a sheet of metal is deformed into a three-dimensional shape by being pressed or stretched into a die or mold.

Deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS): A technique used to study the electronic properties of materials by measuring the recombination of charge carriers.

Deep-ultraviolet (DUV) LED: A type of light-emitting diode that emits light in the deep-ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum, with wavelengths below 280 nm.

Deep ultraviolet (DUV) lithography: A lithography technique that uses deep ultraviolet light with a wavelength of below 300 nm to pattern materials.

Defect-assisted hopping: The process by which charge carriers move in a semiconductor material by hopping from one defect or impurity to another.

Defect density: The concentration of defects or impurities in a material.

Defect-induced ferromagnetism: The occurrence of ferromagnetism in a material due to the presence of defects or impurities.

Defect-induced transparency: A phenomenon that occurs when an optical absorption line in a material is suppressed or reduced due to the presence of defects or impurities.

Deformation: The change in shape or size of a material under the influence of external forces or stresses.

Deformation gradient: A tensor that describes the change in shape of a material element under the influence of external forces.

Deformation hardening: The strengthening of a material due to the introduction of defects or dislocations into its crystal structure through plastic deformation.

Deformation mode: The type of deformation that occurs in a material under the influence of external forces, such as tensile, compressive, shear, or torsional deformation.

Deformation process zone: The region around a crack or other defect in a material where plastic deformation occurs.

Deformation twin: A pair of parallel planes in a material that are related by a rotational transformation and that have formed due to deformation.

Deformation twin boundary: The boundary or interface between two deformation twins in a material, which can affect the mechanical properties and deformation behavior of the material.

Deformation twinning: A process in which a material undergoes plastic deformation by the formation of twins, or parallel arrangements of atoms, in its crystal structure.

Degrees of freedom (DOF): The number of independent parameters that describe the motion or configuration of a system or object.

Delamination: The separation or peeling of layers in a composite material.

Demagnetization curve: A plot of the magnetization of a material as a function of an applied magnetic field.

Demagnetization field: The field required to reduce the magnetization of a material to zero.

Dense packing: A type of packing in which particles or atoms are arranged in a close-packed arrangement with the highest possible packing density.

Dense packing fraction: The fraction of the total volume of a system that is occupied by particles or atoms in a dense packing arrangement.

Density: The mass per unit volume of a material, often expressed in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm^3).

Density functional theory (DFT): A theoretical framework used to describe the electronic structure and properties of materials and molecules.

Depinning: The process of overcoming an energy barrier that holds a material in a pinned or immobile state.

Depletion layer: The region surrounding a p-n junction in a semiconductor material where the concentration of charge carriers is reduced.

Deposition rate: The rate at which a material is deposited onto a surface during a coating or thin-film process.

Descriptive geometry: A branch of geometry that deals with the representation of three-dimensional objects in two dimensions.

Desorption: The process of removing a substance from a surface by breaking the bonds that hold it in place.

Device physics: The branch of materials science that deals with the fundamental properties and behavior of electronic and optoelectronic devices.

Diatomic molecule: A molecule consisting of two atoms, such as hydrogen (H2) or oxygen (O2).

Dielectric: A material that is an insulator but can become electrically polarized when subjected to an external electric field.

Dielectric constant: A measure of the ability of a material to store electrical energy in an electric field.

Dielectric elastomer: A type of elastomeric material that is capable of generating large electric fields in response to applied strains.

Diffraction: The scattering of waves, such as light or sound, as they pass through small openings or around obstacles.

Diffraction contrast imaging: A technique used to visualize defects or inhomogeneities in a material by analyzing the diffraction patterns produced by a beam of electrons or x-rays.

Diffraction enhanced imaging: An X-ray imaging method that uses diffraction to enhance the contrast and resolution of the image.

Diffraction grating: A device that consists of a periodic array of parallel slits or grooves that diffract light or other waves into a spectrum.

Diffraction limit: The limit on the resolution of an imaging system, such as a microscope, imposed by the diffraction of light.

Diffraction pattern: The arrangement of intensity maxima and minima produced by diffraction of waves, such as light or sound.

Diffuse-interface model: A model used in numerical simulations to describe the properties and behavior of interfaces between different materials or phases.

Diffuse reflectance: The amount of light that is reflected from a material in all directions, rather than being reflected specularly (in a single direction).

Diffuse scatter: The scattering of a beam of light or other radiation that occurs due to inhomogeneities or defects in a material, and as a result, the scattered radiation is in all direction not like specular reflection.

Diffusion: The movement of atoms or molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration due to their random thermal motion.

Diffusion coefficient: A measure of the rate at which atoms or molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration due to diffusion.

Diffusion coefficient matrix: A matrix that describes the diffusivity of a species in a material with respect to each of the spatial dimensions.

Diffusion-controlled growth: A growth process of a material that is limited by the diffusion of atoms or molecules to the growing surface.

Diffusion length: The distance over which a species diffuses in a material.

Diffusive solid state reaction: A chemical reaction that occurs in a solid material due to the diffusion of atoms or molecules through the material.

Diffusive transport: The transport of atoms, molecules, or charge carriers in a material by diffusion, which is driven by concentration gradients.

Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA): A type of epoxy resin used in the production of coatings, adhesives, and composite materials.

Dimensional stability: The ability of a material to maintain its size and shape under the influence of external factors, such as temperature or humidity.

Dimensionless numbers: A set of numbers that appear in physical equations and that are independent of the units of measurement used.

Dip-coating: A process in which a thin layer of a liquid material is applied to a substrate by dipping it into the liquid.

Dipolar glass: A type of glass that has a permanent electric dipole moment resulting from the alignment of ions or molecules within the material.

Dipole-dipole interaction: A type of interaction between molecules or atoms with permanent electric dipole moments.

Direct current (DC) sputtering: A process in which a material is sputtered (ejected from a surface by an ion beam) using a direct current power source.

Directed assembly: A process by which the arrangement of particles or molecules is controlled by an external field or pattern.

Directed assembly of nanoparticles: A technique for assembling nanoparticles into specific structures or patterns using external fields or templates.

Directed self-assembly: A process in which the self-assembly of materials is guided by external fields or patterns.

Directed self-assembly of block copolymers: The process of arranging the blocks of different copolymers into specific patterns using external fields or surface patterning.

Directed self-organization: A process in which the organization of a system emerges spontaneously through the action of local interactions, but it is guided by a specific direction or pattern.

Directed self-organization lithography: A technique for patterning materials using self-organization processes that are guided by external fields or patterns.

Direct energy conversion: The conversion of energy from one form to another without the use of intermediate steps or processes.

Direct energy conversion efficiency: The ratio of the output energy of a direct energy conversion device to the input energy.

Discontinuous deformation: Deformation that occurs in a material in a nonuniform or intermittent manner, rather than being evenly distributed.

Dislocation: A defect in a crystalline material in which the atoms are not arranged in their normal lattice positions.

Dislocation density: The concentration of dislocations in a material.

Dislocation-density-based plasticity: A theoretical model that describes the plastic deformation of a material based on the density and distribution of dislocations within the material.

Dislocation dynamics: The study of the motion and interactions of dislocations in a material under external loads or strains.

Dislocation-mediated plasticity: The process by which plastic deformation occurs in a material through the motion and interactions of dislocations.

Dislocation pile-up: A concentration of dislocations at a specific location in a material, caused by the interaction of dislocations with a grain boundary or other obstacles.

Dispersion: The separation of a mixture into its individual components, such as the separation of light into its colors in a rainbow.

Dispersion curve: A plot of the phase velocity of a wave in a material as a function of its frequency.

Dispersion force: A type of intermolecular force that arises due to the fluctuating dipole moments of atoms or molecules.

Dispersion-hardened steel: A type of steel in which small particles or fibers of a hard material are dispersed in a softer matrix to improve the overall properties of the steel.

Dispersion interaction: An interaction between particles or molecules that arises due to the fluctuating electric fields created by their movement.

Dispersion relation: A relationship between the wave vector and frequency of a wave in a material.

Dispersion relation engineering: A technique used to modify the dispersion relation of a material by introducing defects or perturbations in the crystal lattice.

Dispersion relation perturbation: A modification of the dispersion relation of a material due to the presence of defects or impurities.

Dispersion strengthening: A process in which small particles or fibers are dispersed in a matrix material to improve its strength and toughness.

Dissociative electron attachment: The process by which an electron is captured by a molecule and forms a negative ion, leading to the dissociation of the molecule.

Dissolved oxygen tension (DOT): The partial pressure of oxygen that is dissolved in a liquid, such as water.

Distortion-energy theory: A theoretical framework used to describe the mechanical behavior of materials under the influence of external loads or strains.

Distributed Bragg Reflectors (DBRs): A type of optical mirror that reflects a specific range of wavelengths by using multiple layers of materials with alternating refractive indices.

Divergent beam: A beam of light or other radiation that spreads out as it propagates away from its source.

Domain structure: The arrangement of magnetic domains in a material, determined by the alignment and orientation of the spins of the magnetic moments.

Domain switching: The process by which the alignment or orientation of magnetic domains in a material is altered in response to an applied magnetic field.

Domain wall motion: The motion of the boundary separating different magnetic domains in a material, which can be influenced by external magnetic fields and temperature.

Dominant wavelength: The wavelength of light that is most strongly absorbed or emitted by a particular material or substance.

Dopant concentration: The concentration of impurities that have been added to a material through doping.

Doping: The introduction of impurities into a pure material to alter its electrical, optical, or other properties.

Doping-induced ferromagnetism: The occurrence of ferromagnetism in a material due to the presence of impurities or dopants.

Double-diffusive convection: Convection that occurs due to the combined effects of two diffusive processes, such as temperature and concentration gradients.

Drawn wire: Wire that has been produced by drawing it through a die or series of dies to reduce its diameter.

Drift mobility: The average velocity of charge carriers in a material under the influence of an applied electric field, measured in units of cm2V^-1s^-1

Drift velocity: The average velocity of charge carriers in a material due to the influence of an applied electric field.

Drop-on-demand (DOD) printing: A type of printing technology in which individual droplets of a printing medium are deposited onto a substrate in a controlled manner.

Dual-beam interference lithography: A technique for patterning materials using interference patterns produced by two beams of light.

Dual-beam microscopy: A imaging technique that uses two beams of electrons or other particles to produce a high-resolution image.

Dual-phase steel: A type of steel that has a microstructure consisting of both ferrite and martensite phases.

Dual-phase steels: steels that contain two or more phases in their microstructure, usually ferrite and martensite or bainite.

Ductile-brittle transition temperature: The temperature at which a material changes from being ductile to brittle, or vice versa.

Ductile fracture: Fracture that occurs in a material through the formation and propagation of plastic deformation zones.

Ductile-to-brittle transition: The transition of a material from being ductile to brittle as the temperature is lowered.

Ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT): The temperature at which a material transitions from being ductile to brittle.

Ductility: The ability of a material to be deformed plastically without breaking.

Ductility strain: The maximum strain that a material can undergo before it fractures.

Duplex stainless steel: A type of stainless steel that has a microstructure consisting of both ferritic and austenitic phases.

Durability: The ability of a material to withstand wear, corrosion, or other forms of degradation over time.

Dye-sensitized solar cell: A type of solar cell that uses a layer of dye to absorb sunlight and generate electricity.

Dynamic annealing: A process in which a material is rapidly cooled from a high temperature to reduce the number and size of defects in its microstructure.

Dynamic equilibrium: A state in which the rates of opposing processes are equal, resulting in no net change in a system.

Dynamic fatigue: The failure of a material due to cyclic loading or repeated stress at high frequencies.

Dynamic fatigue limit: The maximum stress that a material can withstand under cyclic loading or repeated stress at high frequencies without failing.

Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA): A technique used to measure the mechanical properties of a material under dynamic or time-varying conditions.

Dynamic modulus: The elastic modulus of a material under dynamic or time-varying loading conditions.

Dynamic recrystallization: The process by which new grains are formed in a material through the motion and deformation of existing grains.

Dynamic strength: The maximum stress that a material can withstand under dynamic or impact loading conditions.

Dynamic viscosity: The resistance of a fluid to flow under the influence of a shear stress, measured as the ratio of the shear stress to the shear rate.

Dynamic Young's modulus: The Young's modulus of a material under dynamic or time-varying loading conditions.

Dyson sphere: A hypothetical megastructure that completely encloses a star and captures most or all of its energy output.

Dysprosium: A rare earth element with the atomic symbol Dy and atomic number 66. It is used in the production of magnets and lasers.

Dysprosium oxide: A white or pale yellow solid compound of dysprosium and oxygen, with the chemical formula Dy2O3.

Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction: A type of magnetic exchange interaction that arises due to spin-orbit coupling in magnetic materials.

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